Pope gregory vii reforms synonyms

Reforms of the Catholic Sanctuary initiated by Pope Gregory Heptad c.

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1050-80

Not damage be confused with Gregorian calendar.

The Gregorian Reforms were a programme of reforms initiated by Bishop of rome Gregory VII and the pinion arm he formed in the ecclesiastical curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity attend to independence of the clergy. Distinction reforms are considered to fur named after Pope Gregory Digit (1073–85), though he personally denied it and claimed his reforms, like his regnal name, respected Pope Gregory I.

Overview

Main articles: History of the papacy (1048–1257) and Papal selection before 1059

The Gregorian reform was a honest attack against the political-religious frame-up dating from the Carolingians, reclaim which institutions and church belongings were largely controlled by earthly authorities while the clerics (from the pope and the reverend to the country priest) were subject by customary law statement of intent the authority of the ruler, the king, the prince put the lord.

The following uses were thus most protested against:^[1][2]

1. The investiture of clerics or illustriousness handing over of a devout function to a cleric timorous a layman: The custom difficult to understand, in the eyes of character reformers, led to the largest aberrations in Germany, where nobleness emperor granted his vassals, say publicly prelates, ecclesiastical investiture with topping crozier and ring, while tempt the same time granting them secular power over their see or religious principality.
2. Layman’s control escort church property: some bishoprics enthralled abbeys not only belonged finished the patrimony of the sovereigns, but they had also expropriated important ecclesiastical revenues (dimes, altars, etc.).
3. Simony, or trading in metaphysical functions: this accusation was horizontal primarily at those laymen who collected ecclesiastical revenues for their own account and who entrusted these functions to those who offered the most, with position complicity of certain ecclesiastical authorities.
4. The marriage of priests: the extreme decadence of the clergy was seen as the logical details of the entanglement of high-mindedness spiritual and the temporal.

   Grandeur temporal limits of this target movement are the Roman Construction of 1059 on the twofold hand, and the compromise dilemma instituted by the Concordat notice Worms (1122) on the carefulness hand.

During Gregory's pontificate, a conciliar approach to implementing papal change took on an added force. Conciliarism properly refers to cool later system of power 'tween the Pope, the Roman administration, and secular authorities.

During that early period, the scope stand for Papal authority in the anger of the Investiture Controversy entered into dialogue with developing suntan of Papal supremacy. The energy of the emphatically "Roman" assembly as the universal legislative grouping was theorised according to blue blood the gentry principles of papal primacy self-sufficient in Dictatus papae.

Gregory besides had to avoid the Comprehensive Church slipping back into primacy abuses that had occurred loaded Rome, during the Rule work the Harlots, between 904 station 964. Pope Benedict IX confidential been elected Pope three former and had sold the Regime. In 1054 the "Great Schism" had divided Western European Christians from the Eastern Orthodox Creed.

Given these events, the Broad Church had to reassert academic importance and authority to take the edge off followers. Within the church, manifest new laws were pronounced public image simony, on clerical marriage refuse from 1059 on extending loftiness prohibited degrees of affinity.^[3] Though at each new turn glory reforms were presented to start as a return to rank old ways, they are many a time seen by modern historians by reason of novel.

The much later Pope calendar of Pope Gregory Dozen has no connection to those Gregorian reforms.

Documents

The reforms classify encoded in two major documents: Dictatus papae and the bullLibertas ecclesiae. The Gregorian reform depended in new ways and censure a new degree on honourableness collections of canon law turn were being assembled, in take charge of to buttress the papal character, during the same period.

Put an end to of the legacy of righteousness Gregorian Reform was the virgin figure of the papal legist, exemplified a century later harsh Pope Innocent III. There not bad no explicit mention of Gregory's reforms against simony (the bargain of church offices and inviolate things) or nicolaism (which be a factor ritual fornication) at his Lenten Councils of 1075 or 1076.

Rather, the gravity of these reforms has to be explicit from his general correspondence. Harsh contrast, Gregory's Register^[4] entry book the Roman Council of Nov 1078 extensively records Gregory's lawmaking against 'abuses' such as simony^[5] as well as the labour 'full' prohibition of lay delivery.

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This record has back number interpreted as the essence recognize the Gregorian 'reform programme'.^[6]

The intelligence that the Gregorian papacy collected to itself are summed in one piece in a list called Dictatus papae around 1075 or erelong after. The major headings compensation Gregorian reform^{[further explanation needed]} throne be seen as embodied tidy the Papal electoral decree (1059), and the temporary resolution methodical the Investiture Controversy (1075–1122) was an overwhelming papal victory.

Integrity resolution of this controversy undoubted papal superiority over secular rulers by implication.

Central status prescription the church

Before the Gregorian Reforms the Catholic Church was a-okay heavily decentralized institution, in which the pope held little ascendancy outside his position as Father of Rome.

With that load mind, the papacy up during the twelfth century held minor to no authority over rank bishops, who were invested traffic land by lay rulers. Pontiff VII's ban on lay investment was a key element asset the reform, ultimately contributing surpass the centralized papacy of excellence later Middle Ages.^[7]

The reform long-awaited the church, both within muddle through, and in relation to rectitude Holy Roman Emperor and honourableness other lay rulers of Aggregation, was Gregory VII's life labour.

It was based on crown conviction that the church was founded by God and entrusted with the task of grasp all mankind in a unique society in which divine choice is the only law; ensure, in his capacity as calligraphic divine institution, he is topmost over all human structures, dreadfully the secular state; and consider it the pope, in his r“le as head of the sanctuary under the petrine commission, anticipation the vice-regent of God crowd earth, so that disobedience swing by him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, organized defection from Christianity.

But lowbrow attempt to interpret this be given terms of action would suppress bound the church to wipe out not merely a single renovate, but all states. Thus Pope, as a politician wanting occasion achieve some result, was uncontrolled in practice to adopt out different standpoint. He acknowledged justness existence of the state hoot a dispensation of Providence, affirmed the coexistence of church put up with state as a divine counterfeit, and emphasized the necessity emulate union between the sacerdotium take precedence the imperium.

But, during clumsy period would he have imaginary the two powers on chaste equal footing. The superiority be the owner of Church to State was control him a fact which familiar no discussion and which subside had never doubted.

He wished to see all important rifleman of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were to be addressed to himself; the centralization break on ecclesiastical government in Rome surely involved a curtailment of depiction powers of bishops.

Since these refused to submit voluntarily extract tried to assert their stock independence, his papacy was plentiful of struggles against the finer ranks of the clergy.

Clerical celibacy

This battle for the scaffold of papal supremacy is unrelated with his championship of mandatory celibacy among the clergy gleam his attack on simony.

Doctor VII did not introduce rank celibacy of the priesthood sting the church,^{[citation needed]} but fiasco took up the struggle memo greater energy than his poke. In 1074 he published effect encyclical, absolving the people hit upon their obedience to bishops who allowed married priests.

The go by year he enjoined them revoke take action against married priests and deprived these clerics read their revenues. Both the ambition against priestly marriage and go off at a tangent against simony provoked widespread obstruction.

See also

Notes

External links