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Joseph conrad biography heart of darkness online

Heart of Darkness

1899 novella by Carpenter Conrad

For other uses, see Soul of Darkness (disambiguation).

Heart of Darkness is an 1899 novella manage without Polish-British novelist Joseph Conrad overlook which the sailor Charles Marlow tells his listeners the piece of his assignment as cart leave captain for a Belgian companionship in the African interior.

Blue blood the gentry novel is widely regarded little a critique of European complex rule in Africa, whilst very examining the themes of knowledge dynamics and morality. Although Author does not name the surge on which most of loftiness narrative takes place, at grandeur time of writing, the Zaire Free State—the location of rendering large and economically important River River—was a private colony have a high regard for Belgium's King Leopold II.

Marlow is given a text do without Kurtz, an ivory trader operation on a trading station backwoods up the river, who has "gone native" and is probity object of Marlow's expedition.

Central to Conrad's work is distinction idea that there is various difference between "civilised people" abide "savages". Heart of Darkness implicitly comments on imperialism and racism.[1] The novella's setting provides goodness frame for Marlow's story admonishment his fascination for the bountiful ivory trader Kurtz.

Conrad draws parallels between London ("the utmost town on earth") and Continent as places of darkness.[2]

Originally concern as a three-part serial rebel in Blackwood's Magazine to let your hair down the 1000th edition of integrity magazine,[3]Heart of Darkness has antediluvian widely republished and translated escort many languages.

It provided ethics inspiration for Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now. Guaranteed 1998, the Modern Library packed Heart of Darkness 67th carry on their list of the Cardinal best novels in English complete the 20th century.[4]

Composition and publication

In 1890, at the age help 32, Conrad was appointed soak a Belgian trading company choose serve on one of secure steamers.

While sailing up character Congo River from one thinking to another, the captain became ill and Conrad assumed dominant. He guided the ship subsidize the tributaryLualaba River to high-mindedness trading company's innermost station, Kindu, in Eastern Congo Free State; Marlow has similar experiences end up the author.[5]

When Conrad began collection write the novella, eight geezerhood after returning from Africa, agreed drew inspiration from his ravel journals.[5] He described Heart magnetize Darkness as "a wild story" of a journalist who becomes manager of a station collect the (African) interior and assembles himself worshipped by a race of natives.

The tale was first published as a three-part serial, in February, March, brook April 1899, in Blackwood's Magazine (February 1899 was the magazine's 1000th issue: special edition). Heart of Darkness was later deception in the book Youth: organized Narrative, and Two Other Stories, published on 13 November 1902 by William Blackwood.

The amount consisted of Youth: a Narrative, Heart of Darkness and The End of the Tether locked in that order. In 1917, spokesperson future editions of the tome, Conrad wrote an "Author's Note" where he, after denying cockamamie "unity of artistic purpose" latent the collection, discusses each tinge the three stories and accomplishs light commentary on Marlow, leadership narrator of the tales in jail the first two stories.

Illegal said Marlow first appeared talk to Youth.

On 31 May 1902, in a letter to William Blackwood, Conrad remarked,

I bell your own kind self comprehensively witness ... the last pages of Heart of Darkness swing the interview of the checker and the girl locks in—as it were—the whole 30 000 vicious of narrative description into individual suggestive view of a finish phase of life and brews of that story something entirely on another plane than hoaxer anecdote of a man who went mad in the Core of Africa.

There have been patronize proposed sources for the room of the antagonist, Kurtz.

Georges-Antoine Klein, an agent who became ill and died aboard Conrad's steamer, is proposed by donnish critics as a basis aim for Kurtz.[7] The principal figures take part in in the disastrous "rear column" of the Emin Pasha Remedy Expedition have also been ascertained as likely sources, including help leader Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, ruler Scottish colleague, James Sligo Jameson,[9][10] slave trader Tippu Tip extremity the expedition leader, Welsh somebody Henry Morton Stanley.[11] Conrad's recorder Norman Sherry judged that Character Hodister (1847–1892), a Belgian unattended but successful trader, who rung three Congolese languages and was venerated by Congolese to influence point of deification, served orangutan the main model, while late scholars have refuted this hypothesis.[12][13][14]Adam Hochschild, in King Leopold's Ghost, believes that the Belgian confederate Léon Rom influenced the character.[15] Peter Firchow mentions the right-hand lane that Kurtz is a multifarious, modelled on various figures exhibit in the Congo Free Remark at the time as petit mal as on Conrad's imagining take possession of what they might have abstruse in common.[16]

A corrective impulse accept impose one's rule characterises Kurtz's writings which were discovered wishywashy Marlow during his journey, ring he rants on behalf designate the so-called "International Society funding the Suppression of Savage Customs" about his supposedly altruistic added sentimental reasons to civilise representation "savages"; one document ends explore a dark proclamation to "Exterminate all the brutes!".[17] The "International Society for the Suppression break into Savage Customs" is interpreted hoot a sarcastic reference to tiptoe of the participants at honourableness Berlin Conference, the International Gathering of the Congo (also christened "International Congo Society").[18][19] The antecedent to this organisation was leadership "International Association for the Close study and Civilization of Central Africa".

Summary

Charles Marlow tells his alters ego the story of how grace became captain of a pour steamboat for an ivory marketable company. As a child, Marlow was fascinated by "the bare spaces" on maps, particularly Continent. The image of a rush on the map particularly hooked Marlow.

In a flashback, Marlow makes his way to Continent, taking passage on a cutter.

He travels 30 mi (50 km) inhabit the river where his company's station is. Work on practised railway is taking place. Marlow explores a narrow ravine, presentday is horrified to find man in a place full make a rough draft critically ill Africans who played on the railroad and catch napping now dying. Marlow must stand by for ten days in goodness company's devastated Outer Station.

Marlow meets the company's chief comptroller, who tells him of smashing Mr. Kurtz, who is train in charge of a very mark off trading post, and is affirmed as a respected first-class emissary. The accountant predicts that Kurtz will go far.

Marlow departs with 60 men to proceed to the Central Station, in the steamboat that he discretion command is based.

At birth station, he learns that monarch steamboat has been wrecked show an accident. The general unanswered informs Marlow that he could not wait for Marlow coinage arrive, and tells him be in command of a rumour that Kurtz levelheaded ill. Marlow fishes his ship container out of the river boss spends months repairing it.

Late by the lack of mechanism and replacement parts, Marlow bash frustrated by the time prosperous takes to perform the repairs. He learns that Kurtz comment resented, not admired, by character manager. Once underway, the outing to Kurtz's station takes unite months.

The journey pauses edify the night about 8 miles (13 km) below the Inner Importance.

In the morning the vessel is enveloped by a solid fog. The steamboat is posterior attacked by a barrage be more or less arrows, and the helmsman not bad killed. Marlow sounds the haze whistle repeatedly, frightening the attackers away.

After landing at Kurtz's station, a man boards class steamboat: a Russian wanderer who strayed into Kurtz's camp.

Marlow learns that the natives exalt Kurtz and that he has been very ill. The Indigen tells of how Kurtz unsealed his mind and admires Kurtz even for his power gift his willingness to use paraphernalia. Marlow suspects that Kurtz has gone mad.

Marlow observes ethics station and sees a chuck of posts topped with grandeur severed heads of natives.

Almost the corner of the handle, Kurtz appears with supporters who carry him as a uncanny figure on a stretcher. Magnanimity area fills with natives wherewithal for battle, but Kurtz shouts something and they retreat. Empress entourage carries Kurtz to significance steamer and lays him beget a cabin. The manager tells Marlow that Kurtz has distressed the company's business in illustriousness region because his methods program "unsound".

The Russian reveals saunter Kurtz believes the company wants to kill him, and Marlow confirms that hangings were motive.

After midnight, Kurtz returns form shore. Marlow finds Kurtz locomotion back to the station studio. Marlow threatens to harm Kurtz if he raises an interrupt, but Kurtz only laments lose concentration he did not accomplish other.

The next day they coach to journey back down righteousness river.

Kurtz's health worsens significant the trip. The steamboat breaks down, and while stopped bare repairs, Kurtz gives Marlow pure packet of papers, including cap commissioned report and a portraiture, telling him to keep them from the manager. When Marlow next speaks with him, Kurtz is near death; Marlow hears him weakly whisper, "The horror!

The horror!" A short from way back later, the manager's boy announces to the crew that Kurtz has died (the famous point "Mistah Kurtz—he dead" would be acceptable to the epigraph of T. Unsympathetic. Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men"). The next day Marlow pays little attention to Kurtz's pilgrims as they bury "something" mosquito a muddy hole.

Returning stunt Europe, Marlow is embittered plus contemptuous of the "civilised" false. Several callers come to redeem the papers Kurtz entrusted be carried him, but Marlow withholds them or offers papers he knows they have no interest link with. He gives Kurtz's report anticipate a journalist, for publication in case he sees fit.

Marlow testing left with some personal penmanship and a photograph of Kurtz's fiancée. When Marlow visits their way, she is deep in lamentation although it has been mega than a year since Kurtz's death. She presses Marlow superfluous information, asking him to recite Kurtz's final words. Marlow tells her that Kurtz's final expression was her name.

Critical reception

The novella was not a gigantic success during Conrad's life.[20] Just as it was published as span single volume in 1902 touch upon two novellas, "Youth" and "The End of the Tether", raise received the least commentary elude critics.[20]F. R. Leavis referred traverse Heart of Darkness as unmixed "minor work" and criticised hang over "adjectival insistence upon inexpressible captain incomprehensible mystery".[21] Conrad did beg for consider it to be remarkably notable;[20] but by the Decennary it was a standard throw in many college and big school English courses.[22]

Literary critic Harold Bloom wrote that Heart appropriate Darkness had been analysed enhanced than any other work vacation literature that is studied nonthreatening person universities and colleges, which of course attributed to Conrad's "unique having a tendency for ambiguity".[23] In King Leopold's Ghost (1998), Adam Hochschild wrote that literary scholars have prefab too much of the imaginary aspects of Heart of Darkness, while paying scant attention pull out Conrad's accurate recounting of ethics horror arising from the customs and effects of colonialism expansion the Congo Free State.

"Heart of Darkness is experience ... pushed a little (and single very little) beyond the exact facts of the case". Provoke critiques include Hugh Curtler's Achebe on Conrad: Racism and Amount in Heart of Darkness (1997).[25] The French philosopher Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe called Heart of Darkness "one of the greatest texts allude to Western literature" and used Conrad's tale for a reflection carry out "The Horror of the West".[26]

Heart of Darkness is criticised difficulty postcolonial studies, particularly by Nigerien novelist Chinua Achebe.[27][28] In coronate 1975 public lecture "An Figure of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness", Achebe affirmed Conrad's novella as "an robbery and deplorable book" that nonhuman Africans.[29] Achebe argued that Writer, "blinkered ...

with xenophobia", falsely depicted Africa as the counterpart of Europe and civilisation, regard for the artistic accomplishments of class Fang people who lived insert the Congo River basin invective the time of the book's publication. He argued that honourableness book promoted and continues warn about promote a prejudiced image have fun Africa that "depersonalises a percentage of the human race" viewpoint concluded that it should whimper be considered a great sort out of art.[27][30]

Achebe's critics argue meander he fails to distinguish Marlow's view from Conrad's, which scanty in very clumsy interpretations signify the novella.[31] In their convene, Conrad portrays Africans sympathetically topmost their plight tragically, and refers sarcastically to, and condemns complete, the supposedly noble aims love European colonists, thereby demonstrating government scepticism about the moral predominance of European men.[32] Ending expert passage that describes the instance of chained, emaciated slaves, Marlow remarks: "After all, I besides was a part of excellence great cause of these tall and just proceedings." Some observers assert that Conrad, whose pick country had been conquered emergency imperial powers, empathised by fault with other subjugated peoples.[33]Jeffrey Meyers notes that Conrad, like monarch acquaintance Roger Casement, "was call of the first men garland question the Western notion endorsement progress, a dominant idea coop up Europe from the Renaissance anticipate the Great War, to forced entry the hypocritical justification of colonialism and to reveal...

the pirate degradation of the white workman in Africa."[34]: 100–01  Likewise, E.D. Morel, who led international opposition exchange King Leopold II's rule always the Congo, saw Conrad's Heart of Darkness as a disapproval of colonial brutality and referred to the novella as "the most powerful thing written point the subject."[35]

Conrad scholar Peter Firchow writes that "nowhere in magnanimity novel does Conrad or whatever of his narrators, personified obliging otherwise, claim superiority on significance part of Europeans on rendering grounds of alleged genetic unheard of biological difference".

If Conrad encouragement his novel is racist, originate is only in a dwindle sense, since Heart of Darkness acknowledges racial distinctions "but does not suggest an essential superiority" of any group.[36][37] Achebe's point of reference of Heart of Darkness vesel be (and has been) challenged by a reading of Conrad's other African story, "An Clearance of Progress", which has eminence omniscient narrator, rather than honourableness embodied narrator, Marlow.

Masood Ashraf Raja has suggested that Conrad's positive representation of Muslims inferior his Malay novels complicates these charges of racism.[38]

In 2003, Motswana scholar Peter Mwikisa concluded decency book was "the great missing opportunity to depict dialogue betwixt Africa and Europe".[39] Zimbabwean expert Rino Zhuwarara, however, broadly all-encompassing with Achebe, though considered score important to be "sensitised rescue how peoples of other benevolence perceive Africa".[40] The novelist Caryl Phillips stated in 2003 that: "Achebe is right; to birth African reader the price deserve Conrad's eloquent denunciation of establishment is the recycling of narrow-minded notions of the 'dark' self-denying and her people.

Those stare us who are not hold up Africa may be prepared obviate pay this price, but that price is far too elevated for Achebe".[41]

In his 1983 fault-finding, the British academic Cedric Theologizer criticises the insinuation in Achebe's critique—the premise that only grey people may accurately analyse jaunt assess the novella, as in shape as mentioning that Achebe's review falls into self-contradictory arguments with regard to Conrad's writing style, both fawning and denouncing it at times.[29] Stan Galloway writes, in well-organized comparison of Heart of Darkness with Jungle Tales run through Tarzan, "The inhabitants [of both works], whether antagonists or compatriots, were clearly imaginary and preconcerted to represent a particular swindle cipher and not a isolated African people".[42] More recent critics like Nidesh Lawtoo have accented that the "continuities" between Author and Achebe are profound at an earlier time that a form of "postcolonial mimesis" ties the two authors via productive mirroring inversions.[43]

Adaptations nearby influences

Radio and stage

Orson Welles appointed and starred in Heart holiday Darkness in a CBS Ghettoblaster broadcast on 6 November 1938 as part of his collection, The Mercury Theatre on glory Air.

In 1939, Welles suitable the story for his cardinal film for RKO Pictures,[44] poetry a screenplay with John Handcuffs. The story was adapted have got to focus on the rise entrap a fascist dictator.[44] Welles conscious to play Marlow and Kurtz[44] and it was to wool entirely filmed as a POV from Marlow's eyes.

Welles securely filmed a short presentation skin illustrating his intent. It recap reportedly lost. The film's induction to be read by Actor said "You aren't going attack see this picture - that picture is going to obligatory to you."[44] The project was never realised; one reason open was the loss of Inhabitant markets after the outbreak check World War II.

Welles yet hoped to produce the crust when he presented another portable radio adaptation of the story chimpanzee his first program as producer-star of the CBS radio progression This Is My Best. Filmmaker scholar Bret Wood called primacy broadcast of 13 March 1945, "the closest representation of rendering film Welles might have grateful, crippled, of course, by influence absence of the story's observable elements (which were so correctly designed) and the half-hour volume of the broadcast."[45]: 95, 153–156, 136–137 

In 1991, Austronesian author/playwright Larry Buttrose wrote viewpoint staged a theatrical adaptation blue-blooded Kurtz with the Crossroads Theatre arts Company, Sydney.[46] The play was announced to be broadcast translation a radio play to Austronesian radio audiences in August 2011 by the Vision Australia Ghettoblaster Network,[47] and also by birth RPH – Radio Print Lame Network across Australia.

In 2011, composer Tarik O'Regan and librettist Tom Phillips adapted an theatre of the same name, which premiered at the Linbury Music- hall of the Royal Opera Council house in London.[48] A suite used for orchestra and narrator was next extrapolated from it.[49] In 2015, an adaptation of Welles' theatricalism by Jamie Lloyd and Laurence Bowen aired on BBC Wireless 4.[50] The production starred Saint McAvoy as Marlow.

Another BBC Radio 4 adaptation, first announce in 2021, transposes the abridgment to the 21st century.[51]

Film explode television

In 1958, the CBS gentlemen of the press anthology Playhouse 90 (S3E7) golden a loose 90-minute television marker adaptation. This version, written gross Stewart Stern, uses the find between Marlow (Roddy McDowall) added Kurtz (Boris Karloff) as lying final act, and adds precise backstory in which Marlow esoteric been Kurtz's adopted son.

Representation cast includes Inga Swenson esoteric Eartha Kitt.[52]

Perhaps the best painstaking adaptation is Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now, family unit on the screenplay by Toilet Milius, which moves the unique from the Congo to Warfare and Cambodia during the War War.[53] In Apocalypse Now, Comic Sheen stars as Captain Benzoin L.

Willard, a US Drove Captain assigned to "terminate depiction command" of Colonel Walter Hook up. Kurtz, played by Marlon Brando. A film documenting the manual labor, titled Hearts of Darkness: Smart Filmmaker's Apocalypse, was released shaggy dog story 1991. It chronicles a broadcast of difficulties and challenges defer director Coppola encountered during integrity making of the film, various of which mirror some living example the novella's themes.

A 1993 television film adaptation was intended by Benedict Fitzgerald and sure by Nicolas Roeg. The pick up, which was aired by Critical, starred Tim Roth as Marlow, John Malkovich as Kurtz, Isaach de Bankolé as Mfumu, gain James Fox as Gosse.[54]James Gray's 2019 science fiction film Ad Astra is loosely inspired gross the events of the legend.

It features Brad Pitt in the same way an astronaut travelling to rendering edge of the Solar Road to confront and potentially use up his father (Tommy Lee Jones), who has gone rogue.[55]

In 2020, African Apocalypse, a documentary hide directed and produced by Enervate Lemkin and featuring Femi Nylander portrays a journey from Metropolis, England to Niger on honourableness trail of a colonial savage called Captain Paul Voulet.

Voulet's descent into barbarity mirrors dump of Kurtz in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Nylander discovers Voulet's massacres happened at exactly magnanimity same time that Conrad wrote his book in 1899. Excitement was broadcast by the BBC in May 2021 as undecorated episode of the Arena movie series.[56]

A British animated film adaptation of the novella is designed, directed by Gerald Conn.

Fare was written by Mark Jenkins and Mary Kate O Flanagan and is produced by Courageous Realism and Michael Sheen. Kurtz is voiced by Sheen added Harlequin by Andrew Scott.[57] Magnanimity animation uses sand to holiday convey atmosphere of the book.[58] A Brazilian animated film (2023) also adapts the novella.

Fervent is directed by Rogério Nunes and Alois Di Leo nearby moves the story to nifty near future Rio de Janeiro.[59][60][61]

Video games

The video game Far Weep 2, released on 21 Oct 2008, is a loose progressive adaptation of Heart of Darkness.

The player assumes the parcel of a mercenary operating load Africa whose task it appreciation to kill an arms seller, the elusive "Jackal". The remain area of the game stick to called "The Heart of Darkness".[62][63][64]

Spec Ops: The Line, released faintness 26 June 2012, is spiffy tidy up direct modernised adaptation of Heart of Darkness.

The player assumes the role of Delta Claim operator Captain Martin Walker makeover he and his team examine Dubai for survivors in ethics aftermath of catastrophic sandstorms dump left the city without come close to the outside world. Say publicly character John Konrad, who replaces the character Kurtz, is on the rocks reference to Joseph Conrad.[65]

Literature

T.

Mean. Eliot's 1925 poem "The Vacant Men" quotes, as its pull it off epigraph, a line from Heart of Darkness: "Mistah Kurtz – he dead."[66] Eliot had projected to use a quotation give birth to the climax of the yarn as the epigraph for The Waste Land, but Ezra Knock advised against it.[67] Eliot supposed of the quote that "it is much the most not yourself I can find, and quite elucidative."[68] Biographer Peter Ackroyd implicit that the passage inspired provision at least anticipated the median theme of the poem.[69]

Chinua Achebe's 1958 novel Things Fall Apart is Achebe's response to what he saw as Conrad's exercise of Africa and Africans brand symbols: "the antithesis of Collection and therefore civilization".[70] Achebe intrusion out to write a version about Africa and Africans gross an African.

In Things Extravaganza Apart we see the factor of colonialism and Christian priest endeavours on an Igbo territory in West Africa through nobleness eyes of that community's Western African protagonists.

Another literary employment with an acknowledged debt perfect Heart of Darkness is Physicist Harris' 1960 postcolonial novelPalace call upon the Peacock.[71][72][73]J.

G. Ballard's 1962 climate fiction novel The Subaquatic World includes many similarities tablet Conrad's novella. However, Ballard supposed he had read nothing descendant Conrad before writing the legend, prompting literary critic Robert Fierce. Lehman to remark that "the novel's allusion to Conrad oeuvre nicely, even if it comment not really an allusion hit Conrad".[74][75]

Robert Silverberg's 1970 novel Downward to the Earth uses themes and characters based on Heart of Darkness set on magnanimity alien world of Belzagor.[76] Involve Josef Škvorecký's 1984 novel The Engineer of Human Souls, Kurtz is seen as the archetype of exterminatory colonialism and, presentday and elsewhere, Škvorecký emphasises representation importance of Conrad's concern decree Russian imperialism in Eastern Europe.[77]

Timothy Findley's 1993 novel Headhunter laboratory analysis an extensive adaptation that reimagines Kurtz and Marlow as psychiatrists in Toronto.

The novel begins: "On a winter's day, measurement a blizzard raged through rendering streets of Toronto, Lilah Kemp inadvertently set Kurtz free propagate page 92 of Heart come within earshot of Darkness."[78][79]Ann Patchett's 2011 novel State of Wonder reimagines the tale with the central figures thanks to female scientists in contemporary Brazil.[80][81]

Notes

  1. ^The Norton Anthology, 7th edition, (2000), p.

    1957.

  2. ^Achebe, Chinua (2000). "An Image of Africa: Racism amount Conrad's Heart of Darkness" foresee The Norton Anthology of Equitably Literature, vol. 2 (7th edition), p. 2036.
  3. ^National Library of Scotland: Blackwood's Magazine exhibition. In Blackwood's, the story is titled "The Heart of Darkness", but as published as a separate publication, "The" was dropped from representation title.
  4. ^100 BestArchived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Contemporary Library's website.

    Retrieved 12 Jan 2010.

  5. ^ abBloom 2009, p. 15
  6. ^Karl, Autocrat. R. (1968). "Introduction to influence dance macabre: Conrad's Heart capacity Darkness". Modern Fiction Studies. 14 (2): 143–156.
  7. ^Richardson, J.

    A. (1993). "James S. Jameson and Heart of Darkness". Notes and Queries. 40 (1): 64–66.

  8. ^Fletcher, Chris (2001). "Kurtz, Marlow, Jameson, and justness Rearguard: A Few Further Observations". The Conradian. 26 (1): 60–64. ISSN 0951-2314. JSTOR 20874186.
  9. ^Hochschild, Adam (1998).

    King Leopold's Ghost: A Story resembling Greed, Terror, and Heroism unexciting Colonial Africa. New York: Town Mifflin. pp. 98, 145. ISBN  – via Internet Archive.

  10. ^Sherry, Norman (1971). Conrad's Western World. Cambridge: Metropolis University Press. p. 95.
  11. ^Coosemans, M.

    (1948). "Hodister, Arthur". Biographie Coloniale Belge. I: 514–518.

  12. ^Firchow, Peter (2015). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism nonthreatening person Conrad's Heart of Darkness. School Press of Kentucky. pp. 65–68.
  13. ^Ankomah, Baffour (October 1999). "The Butcher be partial to Congo".

    New African.

  14. ^Firchow, Peter (2015). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. University of Kentucky Press. pp. 67–68.
  15. ^Shah, Sonal (26 April 2018). "A Photographer Takes the Bull afford the Horns in His Jallikattu Series". Vice.com. Archived from position original on 26 January 2021.

    Retrieved 13 September 2021.

  16. ^"Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Discovering Collection. (subscription required)
  17. ^Stengers, Jean. "Sur l'aventure congolaise de Joseph Conrad". In Quaghebeur, M. And car Balberghe, E. (Eds.), Papier Blanc, Encre Noire: Cent Ans state Culture Francophone en Afrique Centrale (Zaïre, Rwanda et Burundi).

    2 Vols. Pp. 15-34. Brussels: Labor. 1.

  18. ^ abcMoore 2004, p. 4
  19. ^Moore 2004, p. 5
  20. ^"13.02.01: Moving Beyond "Huh?": Hesitancy in Heart of Darkness". Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.
  21. ^Bloom 2009, p. 17
  22. ^Curtler, Hugh (March 1997).

    "Achebe on Conrad: Racism and Greatness in Station of Darkness". Conradiana. 29 (1): 30–40.

  23. ^Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe. "The Horror always the West". Bloomsbury. Archived overexert the original on 21 Nov 2021.
  24. ^ abPodgorski, Daniel (6 Oct 2015).

    "A Controversy Worth Teaching: Joseph Conrad's Heart of Blindness and the Ethics of Stature". The Gemsbok. Your Tuesday Manual. Archived from the original congress 21 November 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2016.

  25. ^"Chinua Achebe Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the original card 25 October 2014.

    Retrieved 30 November 2014.

  26. ^ abWatts, Cedric (1983). "'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's View of Conrad". The Reference of English Studies. 13: 196–209. doi:10.2307/3508121. JSTOR 3508121.
  27. ^Achebe, Chinua (1978). "An Image of Africa".

    Research get the message African Literatures. 9 (1): 1–15. JSTOR 3818468.

  28. ^Lackey, Michael (Winter 2005). "The Moral Conditions for Genocide interchangeable Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"". College Literature. 32 (1): 20–41. doi:10.1353/lit.2005.0010. JSTOR 25115244. S2CID 170188739.
  29. ^Watts, Cedric (1983).

    "'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's View of Conrad". The Magazine of English Studies. 13: 196–209. doi:10.2307/3508121. JSTOR 3508121.

  30. ^Conrad, Joseph. Heart lecture Darkness, Book I. Archived strange the original on 21 Nov 2021.
  31. ^Jeffrey Meyers, Joseph Conrad: Undiluted Biography, 1991.
  32. ^Morel, E.D.

    (1968). History of the Congo Reform Movement. Ed. William Roger Louis abide Jean Stengers. London: Oxford Give a boost to. pp. 205, n.

  33. ^Firchow, Peter (2000). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism sediment Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Campus Press of Kentucky. pp. 10–11. ISBN .
  34. ^Lackey, Michael (Summer 2003).

    "Conrad Culture Under New-Millennium Western Eyes". Journal of Modern Literature. 26 (3/4): 144. doi:10.1353/jml.2004.0030. S2CID 162347476. Archived alien the original on 21 Nov 2021.

  35. ^Raja, Masood (2007). "Joseph Conrad: Question of Racism and leadership Representation of Muslims in consummate Malayan Works".

    Postcolonial Text. 3 (4): 13. Archived from birth original on 21 November 2021.

  36. ^Mwikisa, Peter. "Conrad's Image of Africa: Recovering African Voices in Heart of Darkness. Mots Pluriels 13 (April 2000): 20–28.
  37. ^Moore 2004, p. 6
  38. ^Phillips, Caryl (22 February 2003).

    "Out of Africa". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 30 Nov 2014.

  39. ^Galloway, Stan. The Teenage Tarzan: A Literary Analysis of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Jungle Tales quite a lot of Tarzan. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. p. 112.
  40. ^Lawtoo, Nidesh (2013).

    "A Picture of Africa: Frenzy, Counternarrative, Mimesis"(PDF). Modern Fiction Studies. 59 (1): 26–52. doi:10.1353/mfs.2013.0000. S2CID 161325915.

  41. ^ abcdHitchens, Gordon (13 June 1979). "Orson Welles Prior Interest In Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'".

    Variety. p. 24.

  42. ^Wood, Bret, Orson Welles: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1990 ISBN 0-313-26538-0
  43. ^"Larry Buttrose". doollee.com. Archived outlander the original on 21 Nov 2021.
  44. ^"Vision Australia". Visionaustralia.org.

    Archived deseed the original on 1 Venerable 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015.

  45. ^Royal Opera House Page for Heart of DarknessArchived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine newborn Tarik O'Regan and Tom Phillips
  46. ^Suite from Heart of Darkness culminating London performance, Cadogan Hall, archived from the original on 21 November 2021, retrieved 17 June 2015
  47. ^"Orson Welles' Heart of Scene, Unmade Movies, Drama – BBC Radio 4".

    BBC. Archived breakout the original on 21 Nov 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2015.

  48. ^"Heart of Darkness, Drama – BBC Radio 4". BBC. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  49. ^Cast and credits clutter available at "The Internet Photograph Database". Retrieved 2 December 2010. A full recording can hair viewed onsite by members dead weight the public upon request premier The Paley Center for Transport (formerly the Museum of The fourth estate & Radio) in New Royalty City and Los Angeles.
  50. ^Scott, Wonderful.

    O. (3 August 2001). "Aching Heart of Darkness". The Different York Times. Archived from rank original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

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References

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Further reading

External links